CONTENT ON THE INTERNET FREE OR FETTERED Essay Example For Students

CONTENT ON THE INTERNET: FREE OR FETTERED? Article Focus:This paper inspects the idea of the issue brought about by conceivably hostile material on the Internet and sums up current endeavors to manage content, alongside responses to those endeavors. 1. Presentation: what is the problem?Earlier a year ago, anybody could have been excused for accepting that the world had quite recently found the Internet, and that it had, all the while, reasoned that the Internet was inundated with obscene pictures, drugs data and general dangers to the wellbeing and great request of society. What was more regrettable was that no one gave off an impression of being responsible for this new wonder: in fact, it was gladly announced that nobody claims the Internet, with the exception of maybe the a large number of individuals all through the world who add to it in different manners. This is seen in numerous quarters as its significant advantage unreservedly accessible data from various sources yet it has additionally come quickly to be viewed in certain quarters as its most stressing highlight. Everybody with access to the necessary innovation is allowed to make material accessible through the Internet, and there gives off an impression of being no i nfluence over that material thus the cyberporn banter, among others, started on the WWW, in the media, and in governing bodies. Accordingly, recommendations have showed up which connect the utilization of the Internet with the Oklahoma besieging, fanatic political gatherings, the assembling of joy and different medications, and with the prepared accessibility of obscene pictures and these are on the whole issues which open libraries and schools are worried about as they move towards giving access to the Internet. There were likewise fears that it was too simple to even consider finding this material coincidentally (as unmistakable from intentionally looking through it out): again it was felt that there was a danger to the honest and the unwary, albeit an examination, announced in the Guardian paper, evaluated (Holderness, 1995) that the chances against finding an arbitrary explicit picture along these lines appear to be more awful than 70,000:1. Given that a notable British broadsheet paper as of late recorded the URL of a World Wide Web (WWW) website which included connects to eight supposed top rack magazines, unintentional revelation can be viewed as an issue, albeit a few reporters have denied this, saying it expects exertion to discover these locales and to download pictures, etc. Accidental recovery of hostile material is additionally more outlandish because of the expanding utilization of admonitions set toward the beginning of WWW pages: my ongoing examination proposes that the quantity of these notice signs seems to have developed extensively of 81 locales I explored, 45% presently have an admonition notice which, in addition to other things, expects clients to be over the time of either 18 or 21. Now and again, clients are expected first to enroll by citing a Visa number: this isn't utilized to charge for get to, just to check age, and a couple of locales have now started to cite the Communications Decency Act as a n explanation behind requiring verification old enough. !Scarcely any of different locales effectively forestall under-age clients from getting to the pages, yet at any rate there is no reason for not comprehending what the site contains. Obviously, many would contend that such admonitions will just serve to support get to, particularly by kids and youngsters. It isn't especially hard to locate this material in the event that one is deliberately looking. The grown-up notice board frameworks promote unreservedly in numerous magazines, including a portion of the now settled diaries for the Internet, while phone quantities of BBS and system addresses circle uninhibitedly in the newsgroups. On the WWW, the different web crawlers will recover Web pages with little trouble, utilizing catchphrases in complex inquiry systems. Teacher Harold Thimbleby recommended (Thimbleby 1995) finally years British Association meeting in Newcastle that 47% of the 11,000 regularly rehashed look were obscene, however it is essential to take note of this doesn't demonstrate what extent of the complete number of searches this speaks to: shockingly, Lycos won't discharge this data, so it is difficult to pass judgment on the overall degree of such ventures (Whitney, 1996). Along these lines, enter the word sex on the Lycos web crawler (which files more than 130 million extraordinary URLs, or Internet locations) and you will told that there are 30,976 archives containing that term. Be that as it may, of the initial 50 URLs recorded, 27 (54%) showed up not to contain explicit pictures, yet were rather either genuine conversations of sexual issues, copy sections of one website, arrangements of newsgroups on the Internet, and so on. Thus, a hunt on drugs discovered 92% of the initial 50 locales (17,504 were found) couldn't be considered as effectively promising medication use, and of the initial 50 archives recorded under explosives, 60% originated from associations with a genuine enthusiasm for explosives, for example, proficient establishments, and so on , albeit some of the rest of the destinations were portions of The Terrorists Handbook, which gives plans for bomb-production. The issue of precisely ascertaining the overall volume of possibly hostile material has confounded the Internet since its development previously got observable. It is too simple to even consider generating figures and afterward to utilize speculations and apply them to the entire of the Internet to make an inappropriate impression, however it is frequently this bogus observation which creates such a great amount of worry in guardians and lawmakers. This was a significant analysis of the examination by Marty Rimm a year ago which included in Time Magazine , and was likewise utilized by US representatives pushing through the Communications Decency Bill. Rimms study (Rimm, 1995) was deciphered by US Senators as demonstrating that 83.5% of the Internet comprised of obscene pictures, when in actuality he just broke down the grown-up locales and afterward stretched out his decision to the whole Internet. Looking at just grown-up locales, it was not really astonishing that he could profess to have discovered an enormous level of such pictures. A progressively exact figure has been determined by Hoffman a!nd Novak, who point out that short of what one-portion of 1% (3% of 11%) of the messages on the Internet are related with newsgroups that contain explicit symbolism. (Hoffman and Novak, 1995). The point gives off an impression of being that, while this material is accessible over the Internet, it isn't there in the amounts which a few people dread, however it is extremely hard to change dug in mentalities. An old buddy who is a school bookkeeper, let me know as of late that she is being given each consolation to give Internet get to. Her first inquiry was, But how would I stop the students discovering all the sex entertainment?. When one page with the looked for after material has been discovered, it is typically conceivable to connect from that page to others on a similar topic, similarly as one can follow references in a diary article. Some WWW pages are basically that: connections to other related pages, similar to reference indices of their subject. The end is that material which could give offense and which officials in the UK, USA, Australia, Canada, Germany and New Zealand (to name yet a portion of the nations effectively examining Internet content) are worried about is there, yet not in the amounts which a few parts of the mainstream media would have us think. Having said that, it creates the impression that a ton of utilization is made of these locales, particularly those giving the supposed obscene pictures, however a year ago. The Guardian likewise found that the explicit newsgroups produced substantially less traffic than, state a gathering posting openings for work (Holderness, 1995). In an ongoing investigation, I found a high of 58,198 gets to every day and a low of 198 for 12 arbitrarily picked locales: the normal day by day figure for these destinations was 14,578 gets to. Once more, this figure must be dealt with warily, as it may not, for each situation, speak to the quantity of people getting to the website, but instead the occasions text or a picture was!downloaded: a few gets to may bring about different downloads. A few locales guarantee gets to far in overabundance of this: one million or more in a couple of months has been seen. This elevated level of interest is likewise a contributory factor in the fast turnover of locales, which close down or are shut down routinely. The most continuous purpose behind conclusion is sheer over-burden on the server in question, which messes up different clients: 41% of locales shut down throughout one examination and the absolute most much of the time refered to reason (58% of cases) was framework over-burden. Worry over legitimate activity or penetrates of adequate use strategy will in general be less regularly refered to as purposes behind conclusion. The JANET Acceptable use strategy in the UK as of now forbids the utilization of JANET for a scope of materials, including the vulgar, criticism and copyright encroachment (UKERNA, 1995). We may likewise take note of that such destinations have a moderately short life expectancy: 87% had been shut down inside a half year of start-up and 43% kept going just 2 months or less. Up until now, we have considered Internet access to the material which has made most announced concern different gatherings, yet on the off chance that we are thinking about the topic of free or chained access to organized assets, we may likewise take a gander at a wide scope of material which could be dependent upon analysis on totally various grounds, if simply because of the quickly expanding requests being put on Internet data transfer capacity. Given that the first motivation behind the Internet was scholastic exploration, for what reason should such recreational material as home pages for football clubs, famous music gatherings, TV or an understudies interests and pastimes be permitted space on servers? Some place on the Internet, Im told, is a rundown of one youthful keeps an eye on CD assortment: is this a reasonable utilization of the assets? In the United States at any rate, the continuation of such destinations (too those containing the conceivably increasingly hostile mat erial) are defended under the First Amendment, and they are suggestive of the adjustment in the na!ture of the Internet from scholastic exploration instrument to multi-media

A Lexical Phrase Grammar for ESL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Lexical Phrase Grammar for ESL - Essay Example A model is, from the meaning of sayings, we can see that they are solidified sentence structure in complex bits. This definition is doesn't depict its significance basing on its constituents (James, 1980). The genuine importance of figures of speech is only the expansion of its individual parts, for example, pouring down like there's no tomorrow, kick the container, and so forth these are simply typical expressions same as common English words and are in this manner treated as normal in ESL writings. Another genuine model are buzzwords. Despite the fact that they appear to be indistinguishable as colloquialisms they vary such that their importance can be gotten from its particular constituents (James, 1980).   Other types of expressions that are in a manner or another designed are the non-authoritative structures. These structures vary from figures of speech and adages in that, they comprise of all the more huge stretches of language just as their significance can be separated fr om single words it contains. e.g the drier the atmosphere, the more he prefers it;waste not, need not; down the bring forth; off his head (James, 1980). In this and such a case, the last piece which is off the head, can take different structures since it’s just a solitary method of finishing the example. Expressions, for example, on with the show, down with the ruler; can likewise finish the huge expression impeccably without changing the significance. From this model, we can take note of that it is a sort of example (ADV+PREPOSITION (with) + NP) (James, 1980). Just the relational word will in general stay steady while different classifications can be loaded up with other lexical things. This is the motivation behind why they are considered non-authoritative.

the Benefits of Introducing a Career Development Polic an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

the Benefits of Introducing a Career Development Policy Report on the advantages of presenting a profession improvement strategy inside the organization you work for or have a top to bottom information on. On the off chance that such an arrangement is as of now set up, assess its adequacy. So as to prevail in the market, organizations need to guarantee they give productive administration of HR. Organizations can perform well just in such a situation when the entirety of the representatives can understand their latent capacity, apply their abilities and make adequate commitment to the advancement of the organization. Vocation improvement strategies are especially significant for those associations which need to be effective in the market. Be that as it may, their application in different organizations can be fairly questionable. Need exposition test on the Benefits of Introducing a Career Development Policy subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue On one hand, vocation advancement arrangements can be over the top expensive for the organization since it needs to recruit notable teachers or specialists to give extra information to its workers. Just huge organizations may have the option to manage the cost of that, while little organizations probably won't have enough assets for such ventures. Littler organizations may in this way decide to put resources into other more certain advantages than representatives information, so as to accomplish the best assignment of their constrained assets. In any case, the interests in workers information can take care of extremely quick much of the time, and organizations should consistently think about this other option. By putting into the information and abilities of their workers, organizations advantage incredibly on the grounds that representatives efficiency increments quickly as the aftereffect of trainings. Workers become progressively certain and they can present a lot increasingly new thoughts, which will inevitably carry incredible advantage to the organization. For instance of an organization with an all around created vocation advancement arrangement, it is could be significant to inspect World Bank. This enormous organization is notable on the planet for its incredible profession advancement openings. The paper looks to examine profession improvement approach in World Bank and distinguish its adequacy. Building squares of profession advancement strategy is World Bank incorporate the accompanying ones: Profession advancement administrations are accessible for the entirety of the lasting representatives of the organization; Vocation improvement administrations are offered in a wide scope of circles, including 1-week direction program for any new worker, different sorts of PC courses, language coaching in the entirety of the dialects of the world (in enormous, moderate size, little gatherings or private mentoring), courses in interchanges, financial arrangement, neediness and a huge assortment of different subjects managing points of interest of a specific branch of the Bank; Profession improvement dependent on execution examination of representatives; Profession improvement dependent on a specific program as per which the worker got joined up with the Bank. The Bank yearly embraces huge financial plans for vocation improvement of the work force. As per the assessment of its official, workers are the most important resource of the Bank, and along these lines their profession advancement is number one need. Such approach gives points of interest both to each individual worker of the Bank and to the association when all is said in done in light of the fact that efficiency increases.It is imperative to stamp that each representative who works all day (or low maintenance, for example, an advisor) at the World Bank can pursue an enormous number of courses which he might want to take. A worker of the lower level is unquestionably not ready to go to courses which are structured explicitly for top-level administration, yet he is permitted to take any courses in the general rundown of the Bank. There may be a line for certain courses since they are continually popular, and a worker should trust that a couple of months will get into the specific c lass, however he is constantly free to pursue the class. Direction program is offered to any new representative in the staff, ignoring the capacities which he will satisfy. By going to the direction program, each representative can get some answers concerning the activities of the Bank, its approaches and prospects of the turn of events. Direction program last the entire week and each worker gets to know the top experts of the Bank running its specializations, and picks up everything about the Banks tasks. In the wake of experiencing the direction program, a worker can begin concentrating any language he is keen on, and he will be set in a gathering with the information level which answers his level. Each worker can take PC classes in programming which he is curious about with. Further vocation improvement of the representatives depends both on their wants and wants of their directors. Workers are allowed to pick courses as indicated by their own advantages, yet every now and then they need to take certain courses in light of the fact that their administrators think of it as fundamental, as the consequence of execution examination. Execution examination is presently one of the most significant issues in HR the executives, and World Banks directors give extensive regard for it with regards to vocation advancement issues. Bernardin Hall, Posner, Maroney Thomas and Bretz (1994) have all committed impressive regard for the improvement of hypothetical models of execution evaluation. In what capacity can a director of World Banks office make a decision about the need to advance either representative, increment of reduction his compensation, move him to another office? In what manner can the chief choose which worker needs extraordinary preparing or which can perform on the most elevated level without extra preparing? The most proficient instrument in such a case is execution evaluation. Whenever did effectively and based on productive techniques, execution examination can be useful for the assessment of representatives work. Organizations that plan to prevail in the present serious business condition must figure out how to recognize their most skilled workers for situation in key authoritative arrangements. To do this, directors ought to give more regard for amplifying the adequacy of execution evaluation frameworks. (Mcbey 1994: 23). Based on execution evaluation, World Banks administrators typically settle on choices about the need of certain preparation for specific representatives. PC aptitudes are critical for regulatory positions; in this manner, the vast majority of the workers involving these positions are required take 2-multi day seminars on PowerPoint, Lotus Notes, Excel, SAP and other learning programs. When the representatives become proficient in these product bundles, they can play out the entirety of the errands in their working environment significantly more productively. Representatives in proficient positions are regularly required to take courses associated with their situation (for instance, the individuals who take an interest in ventures managing financial strategy of Nigeria, are frequently required to take a 1-week course in the rudiments of monetary approach) or with the dialects of the office they are working at, (for example, Chinese language for the Asia and Pacific Department). Chiefs are normally required to take courses in correspondences, for instance, strife understanding. One of the most well known correspondences courses for senior level administration at World Bank is Art and Science of Strategic Communication. This course is introduced by notable teachers from Harvard and Wharton. Talk notes of the course are readied dependent on the course substance, yet in addition the activities which the members have been chipping away at. Consequently, preparing is marginally extraordinary each time another gathering of members takes it. In such a manner, the makers of the course put forth a valiant effort to make the learning program as effective as feasible for the members. The profession advancement instruments at World Bank additionally incredibly rely upon the kind of the task which the worker has. There are numerous approaches to get a vocation at the World Bank, and your profession improvement will be enormously affected by the idea of your entrance point. In the event that you find a new line of work at the Bank as an advisor, you will get an opportunity to take an interest in many learning programs, yet your profession potential may in any case be somewhat restricted. You should hold up until you get an increasingly stable situation to utilize the entirety of the accessible learning openings. In the event that you find a new line of work as a clerical specialist, you probably won't have the option to exploit proficient learning programs for quite a while. On the off chance that your first employment at the Bank is market analyst, or monetary expert, or correspondences official, or some other expert occupation, you will have boundless open doors for vocation advancement. For mid-vocation experts, the Bank offers an assortment of work contracts, either open-finished or term, in view of the business needs of explicit units. Looks are embraced universally for occupations that require worldwide viewpoint and experience and for which staff are relied upon to be all inclusive portable. Supervisors likewise employ locally when their work programs warrant it. (Business openings. Gotten to on February 26, 2006 at URL: www.web.worldbank.org). In any case, it is generally exceptionally hard to find a new line of work like that from the beginning. The most compensating section level position which one can get is a Young Professional. It opens the best skylines for profession advancement for a youngster. Youthful Professional Program is one of the most testing programs accessible at World Bank. It is hard to get chosen in it, however those individuals who get chose have actually boundless chances. As the World Banks site makes reference to, The Young Professionals Program (YPP) is a beginning stage for an energizing vocation in the World Bank. It is an extraordinary administration opportunity being developed, which offers a strong base to recognize a way and start a vocation in the World Bank, gives the adaptability to work in differen

Knowledge management is indispensable strategy today - Free Essay Example

For some decades ago, in business world, many companies had been successfully operated, and of course, many were eradicated out of the game. we can easily predict that the former firms might have good managers to run their business effectively, or such firms might have the right choice of offering goods and services that have high demand at that period, or it may be other factors contributing to their success such as employees skills, effective cost production and so on. For the later firms, the outcomes of these unsuccessful ones might be resulted from being lack of effective managers, or because of wrong goods and services they were offering, and etc. Today business world, in order to have long-lasting survival, in addition to effective managers, cost effective production, good employees, and right product choices, firms have to maintain, store, and enhance what their managers and employees know such as experiences about setting effective and efficient plan for their company and the way company is managed, understandings of customers , experiences about making products or services, and so on. In other words, knowledge of employees and staffs in the company must be maintained for the application of next generation. It is the truth that today firms are more focus on knowledge maintenance, especially in high technology industry in order to keep their position in the business world, and hence, knowledge management is one of the most important policy firms put it on priority among their goals and objectives. An in-depth analysis into this issue will provide you background of knowledge at different views, how knowledge management is performed in today business competitive industry, why it is important to entities, and its life cycle as well. Body Knowledge Suppose that two employees who have the same period working in a garment company but why their production is considerably different after a specific time? People may commonly answer tha t it is due to the difference of their working skills, knowledge, and experiences. Of course, we can easily realize that employee who has high production would have better skills, knowledge and experiences compared with the remaining one. It will be profitable if all employees are high production ones. The truth is that the more skills, knowledge, and experience employees possess, the more value the company will be added. That is why knowledge management will somehow play a major role in the company strategy. To understand about knowledge management, we have to know what is the knowledge. Imaging that we know how to cook a bowl of Hue-style-beef noodle, (a traditional food in Hue city, Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam), the method and the skills we cook are considered as our knowledge. Therefore, knowledge can be come from physical ones such as books, newspaper, magazines, and etc, and hence people can learn cooking from any teaching-cooking boob. Besides, knowledge also can be d rawn from experiences of people. For example, a person does not learn cooking through a book, but from what he or she observes other cookers, and then he or she will have knowledge about cooking. To have more understanding about knowledge, lets us consider some views of knowledge. In Elias M. Award and Hassan M. Ghaziris view (2003), knowledge is defined as understanding gained through experience or study (1). For this definition, knowledge may come from familiarity with how to do a special work or also may draw from accumulating facts, procedures rules, or heuristics. It is also defined that knowledge is the process of translating information (such as data) and past experience into a meaningful set of relationships which are understood and applied by an individual (2) (Shelda Debowski, 2006). Looking at these two views, we can see that the formers view has a broader look and more succinct compared with the laters one despite of its short definition. As it has been mentioned abo ve, knowledge can be drawn from experience and study as well, but the thing is that what will we name knowledge from experience, and knowledge from study, making it easy to have a closer look at knowledge . If we want to have an in-depth understanding about knowledge, we have to know it in details, and It will be more understandable for readers if knowledge can be categorized. That is the reason why knowledge experts from different countries have categorized knowledge into two common types, the tacit knowledge and the explicit knowledge. It is not difficult for us to understand about tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Tacit means to be silent, and hence it might not be spoken out, meaning that if a person has tacit knowledge, he or she might not be able to hand it over to other people by the means of communication, or writing description and the like. In other words, it is the knowledge we know but we do not realize we have known , and how we know it, thus we might not be ab le to make it understandable . For instance, knowing how to drive a bike is what tacit knowledge is about because it is very difficult to teach people driving via any writing description. Indeed, we all know about how to drive it but we cannot teach others step by step, or by writing the process of how to write a bike. This results in that no books teaching about bike driving are published in the world. Talking about explicit knowledge, we can realize that explicit means to be clear and directed. Therefore, such knowledge can be learned via academic and technical methods such as books, writings, chatting, communicating, and the like. A person knows how to cook through direction from a book is the explicit knowledge. In order to specify what is belong to tacit knowledge, and what is belong to explicit knowledge, we should realize characteristics each type of knowledge possesses. According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995)(3),tacit knowledge has the following characteristics: It is the knowledge used to create explicit knowledge. It is best communicated personally through dialogue and scenarios, with the use of metaphors. It is the knowledge embedded in the mind of human. And the explicit knowledges characteristics are listed as follow: It can be codified and digitized in books reports and so on. It can be retrieved and transmitted more easily than tacit knowledge. Professor Ikujiro Nonaka (2011), in an interview with Vietnam Economist Times, characterized tacit knowledge as subjective knowledge that is difficult to express in word and explicit knowledge as objective and rational knowledge that can be expressed in words (4). All of these characteristics, it is better for us to summarize that tacit knowledge is subjective (only existing in ones mind)and explicit is objective (exist outside ones mind as a real thing) and rational. Knowledge management Imaging that in a specified time, a manufacturing company possesses a very good emplo yees and staffs, and hence reaches low production cost, meaning that it will add more value to the firm because products are produced at a low cost by such employees. After two or three decades, most of those employees and staffs are retired according to employment rules, and new employees will be recruited into the company. Of course, these new employees are not good as those who have retired in terms of skills, and awareness of production process. As a result, the company will somehow face high production cost, reducing companys income, and that becomes a problem for that company. We can easy realize that it is the problem of knowledge management. If that company initially had knowledge management plan, the problem might not came. Knowledge management is about managing knowledge, especially in today companies, helping them maintain knowledge that their current employees, staffs, experts, and all managers possess in order to survive and to have positions in today competitive mar ket. According to Kimiz Dalkir (2005), knowledge management is the process of applying a systematic approach to the capture, structure, management, and dissemination of knowledge throughout an organization in order to faster, reuse best practices, and reduce costly rework from project to project(5. We can consider that knowledge management can be standard for companies that have the same industry, but the knowledge management approach in these companies might be different in terms of size, operational style, power of the company. Apple corporation is a manufacturing firm(producing cellular phones, Ipads, computers, and etc) that has more power than other companies having the same industry to run knowledge management effectively. That is the reason, the company publishes new generations of Iphone, Ipad in every year. For small companies, knowledge management might not be well operated, this may be because they do not have enough capital to use for knowledge management or may be due t o their poor management style. The outcomes of effective knowledge management are quite considerable. It adds more value to companies, and helps companies keep its position in the competitive market. To improve knowledge management outcomes, one factor companies must consider is about their customers, and what customers need and what customers desire from the company will somehow contribute to companys advantages. Apple corporation has been aware about that factor, and hence, new features and favorite shape of Iphone are added to new generation, attracting customers to buy the new. Another factor companies should take a look at it is the product life cycle. If firms just concentrate on knowledge management but do not care about whether products they produce is out of date or not, the problem will come. Motorola corporation is an example, when become the global leader in pager market, leaders in the company effectively performed knowledge management strategy, and thus new generati on of pagers was published, but the problem is that pagers was out of date due to advent of cell phones. Therefore, product life cycle consideration will in some ways contribute to the outcomes of knowledge management. Leaderships and skills needed to enhance knowledge management process Who will be important to knowledge management must be considered if we want our company have good knowledge management strategy installed. Managers are necessary to knowledge management plan in a company. They play a very vital role in supporting, implementing, and encouraging employees of their company. Both middle and top managers might have direct management of these employees. Knowledge management plan will be effectively and efficiently planned , if managers have good skills on planning and are aware of the importance on knowledge management. Besides, managers have to focus on knowledge management cycle in order to reach the best knowledge management strategy. According to Nonaka and Take uchi(1995), there are four stages in the cycle of knowledge management. Managers should follow these stages. For example, the first stage managers can do is to gather personal skills of employees by the mean of socialization such as face to face communication. Managers should then convert these collected knowledge into meaningful ways that people can understand, that we call the process of externalization. Combination of these meaningful ways must be performed in order to reach a new form. The last stage is that managers have to encourage employees to extend the knowledge using their own tacit knowledge. If the four stages are well performed, the outcomes of knowledge management will be very considerable. Conclusion To sum up, knowledge management can be viewed as a new vital strategy of any entity in today competitive market as it adds more value to business and keep companys position in the future. That is the reason why many companies have concentrated on knowledge manageme nt. Footnotes: (1): Elias M. Award and Hassan M. Ghaziri, (2003), Knowledge Management, Prentice Hall. (2): Shelda Debowski, (2006), Knowledge Management, first edition, Sydney and Melbourne, John Wiley and Sons Australia. (3): Kimiz Dalkir (2005), Knowledge Management In Theory and Practice, Elsevier. (4): Ikujiro Nonaka ( April 2011), Drawing on Knowledge, Vietnam Economic Times, p.31.

What Is the Definition of Art

There is no one universal definition of visual art though there is a general consensus that art is the conscious creation of something beautiful or meaningful using skill and imagination. The definition and perceived value of works of art have changed throughout history and in different cultures. The Jean Basquiat  painting that sold for $110.5 million at Sotheby’s auction in May 2017 would, no doubt, have had trouble finding an audience in Renaissance Italy, for example.   Etymology The term â€Å"art† is related to the Latin word â€Å"ars† meaning, art, skill, or craft. The first known use of the word comes from 13th-century manuscripts. However, the word  art and its many variants (artem, eart, etc.)  have probably existed since the founding of Rome. Philosophy of Art The definition of art has been debated for centuries among philosophers.†What is art?† is the most basic question in the philosophy of aesthetics, which really means, â€Å"how do we determine what is defined as art?† This implies two subtexts: the essential nature of art, and its social importance (or lack of it). The definition of art has generally fallen into three categories: representation, expression, and form. Art as Representation or Mimesis.  Plato  first developed the idea of art as â€Å"mimesis,† which, in Greek, means copying or imitation. For this reason, the primary meaning of art was, for centuries, defined as the representation or replication of something that is beautiful or meaningful. Until roughly the end of the eighteenth century, a work of art was valued on the basis of how faithfully it replicated its subject. This definition of good art has had a profound impact on modern and contemporary artists; as Gordon Graham writes, â€Å"It leads people to place a high value on very lifelike portraits such as those by the great masters—Michelangelo, Rubens, Velà ¡squez, and so on—and to raise questions about the value of ‘modern’ art—the cubist distortions ofPicasso, the surrealist figures of Jan Miro, the abstracts of Kandinsky  or the ‘action’ paintings of Jackson Pollock.†Ã‚  While representational art still exi sts today, it is no longer the only measure of value.Art as Expression of Emotional Content.  Expression became important during the Romantic movement with artwork expressing a definite feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was important, for the artwork was intended to evoke an emotional response. This definition holds true today, as artists look to connect with and evoke responses from their viewers.Art as Form.  Ã‚  Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most influential of the early theorists toward the end of the 18th century. He believed that art should not have a concept but should be judged only on its formal qualities because the content of a work of art is not of aesthetic interest. Formal qualities became particularly important when art became more abstract in the 20th century, and the principles of art and design (balance, rhythm, harmony, unity) were used to define and assess art. Today, all three modes of definition come into play in determining what is art, and its value, depending on the artwork being assessed. History of How Art Is Defined According to H.W Janson, author of the classic art textbook, The History of Art, â€Å"...we cannot escape viewing works of art in the context of time and circumstance, whether past or present. How indeed could it be otherwise, so long as art is still being created all around us, opening our eyes almost daily to new experiences and thus forcing us to adjust our sights?† Throughout the centuries in Western culture from the 11th century on through the end of the 17th century, the definition of art was anything done with skill as the result of knowledge and practice. This meant that artists honed their craft, learning to replicate their subjects skillfully. The epitome of this occurred during the Dutch Golden Age when artists were free to paint in all sorts of different genres and made a living off their art in the robust economic and cultural climate of 17th century Netherlands. During the Romantic period of the 18th century, as a reaction to the Enlightenment and its emphasis on science, empirical evidence, and rational thought, art began to be described as not just being something done with skill, but something that was also created in the pursuit of beauty and to express the artist’s emotions. Nature was glorified, and spirituality and free expression were celebrated. Artists, themselves, achieved a level of notoriety and were often guests of the aristocracy. The Avant-garde art movement began in the 1850s with the realism of Gustave Courbet. It was followed by other modern art movements such as cubism, futurism, and surrealism, in which the artist pushed the boundaries of ideas and creativity. These represented innovative approaches to art-making and the definition of what is art expanded to include the idea of the originality of vision. The idea of originality in art persists, leading to ever more genres and manifestations of art, such as digital art, performance art, conceptual art, environmental art, electronic art, etc. Quotes There are as many ways to define art as there are people in the universe, and each definition is influenced by the unique perspective of that person, as well as by their own personality and character. For example:   Rene Magritte Art evokes the mystery without which the world would not exist. Frank Lloyd Wright Art is a discovery and development of elementary principles of nature into beautiful forms suitable for human use. Thomas Merton Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time. Pablo Picasso The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls. Lucius Annaeus Seneca​ All art is but imitation of nature. Edgar Degas Art is not what you  see, but what you make others see. Jean Sibelius Art is the signature of civilizations. Leo Tolstoy Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one man consciously, by means of certain external signs, hands-on to others feelings he has lived through, and that others are infected by these feelings and also experience them. Conclusion Today we consider the earliest symbolic scribblings of mankind to be art.  As Chip Walter, of National Geographic, writes about these ancient paintings, â€Å"Their beauty whipsaws your sense of time. One moment you are anchored in the present, observing coolly. The next you are seeing the paintings as if all other art—all civilization—has yet to exist...creating a simple shape that stands for something else—a symbol, made by one mind, that can be shared with others—is obvious only after the fact. Even more than the cave art, these first concrete expressions of consciousness represent a leap from our animal past toward what we are today—a species awash in symbols, from the signs that guide your progress down the highway to the wedding ring on your finger and the icons on your iPhone.† Archaeologist Nicholas Conard posited that the people who created these images â€Å"possessed minds as fully modern as ours and, like us, sought in ritual and myth answers to life’s mysteries, especially in the face of an uncertain world. Who governs the migration of the herds, grows the trees, shapes the moon, turns on the stars? Why must we die, and where do we go afterward? They wanted answers but they didn’t have any science-based explanations for the world around them.† Art can be thought of as a symbol of what it means to be human, manifested in physical form for others to see and interpret. It can serve as a symbol for something that is tangible, or for a thought, an emotion, a feeling, or a concept. Through peaceful means, it can convey the full spectrum of the human experience. Perhaps that is why it is so important. Sources Graham, Gordon, Philosophy of the Arts, An Introduction to Aesthetics, Third Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group,  New York.  Janson, H. W., History of Art, Harry Abrams, Inc. New York, 1974.Walter, Chip, First artists, National Geographic. Web. January 2015.

People Watching Movies For Different Entertainment

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Ramses the Great Essay Example For Students

Ramses the Great Essay Ramses the Great In the Egyptian pyramids of Giza,Ramses the Great ruled as the greatest pharaoh of all times. Ramses the Great, also known as Ramses II, or justRamses, was born in 1304 B.C., and was given the namethe Justice of Ray is Powerful. He had the knowledge ofthe kingdom, and became the focus of the court at an earlyage. Ramses and his father spent most of their timetogether, and at age ten, Ramses became heir to thethrown. He took the thrown in the year of 1292 B.C. Thepharaoh lived over all other people in the kingdom. According to historians, the Nile river was the source of lifeto the Egyptians. The Nile river provided the Egyptianpeople with water, fish, and fertile soil to grow crops on. The peasant folk in Egypt lived on a diet of wheat bread,fish, and corn. Also, the death rates there were said to bevery high. When Ramses became pharaoh, he got manyriches. For example, Ramses had as many women as hisheart desired. The women did everything for Ramses,which includes dancing for him. Ramses II was the mostpowerful king in all of ancient Egypt, and his Queens werehis greatest supporters. Ramses had many wives, but heloved one particular wife the most of all of them. Ramsesthe Great was also known for his fighting. In 1275 B.C., hewent into battle with about 2,000 men. It was about noonon a spring day, and Ramses II was encamped with hisarmy near the city of Kadesh in Syria. He and his armywere planning a surprise attack on the Hittites. WhileRamses was waiting for his army to assemble, Hittitechariots showed up out of nowhere and attacked. Frightened, the Egyptian forces fled and left Ramses theGreat to face the enemy alone. Luckily, he escaped with hislife. Later, Ramses II had scenes from the battle carved ontemple was all over Egypt. According to the carvings,Ramses prayed to Amon, the chief Egyptian god, to savehim. He said, My soldiers and charioteers have forsakenme, but I call and find that Amon is worth more to me thanmillions of foot soldiers and hundreds of thousands ofchariots. After that, the carvings show that he rallied hisforces and had victory over the Hittites. Furthermore,Ramses II raised many monuments to commemorate all ofhis victories. Despite their battle, in 1284 B.C., Ramsesand the Hittites signed a treaty that set the borders of twoempires, which ended the costly struggle between them. Many historians believe that Ramses the Great is thepharaoh that is written about in the Bible. The story thatthey think Ramses might be in, is the one where Moses toldthe pharaoh to let his people go. Other people also thinkthat when Ramses died, he became a god. Ramses spentmost of his 67-year reign reviving the empire and fightingthe Hittites of Asia Minor. Ramses was 92 years old whenhe died, and was mummified and put into a temple. Theprocess of mummification took about 70 days. Three of thefour gods are carved in the side of a large temple, and aresaid to guard Ramses. The fourth god was the god of theunderground, so he remains in eternal darknessunderground, on the inside of the temple. History