What Is the Definition of Art

There is no one universal definition of visual art though there is a general consensus that art is the conscious creation of something beautiful or meaningful using skill and imagination. The definition and perceived value of works of art have changed throughout history and in different cultures. The Jean Basquiat  painting that sold for $110.5 million at Sotheby’s auction in May 2017 would, no doubt, have had trouble finding an audience in Renaissance Italy, for example.   Etymology The term â€Å"art† is related to the Latin word â€Å"ars† meaning, art, skill, or craft. The first known use of the word comes from 13th-century manuscripts. However, the word  art and its many variants (artem, eart, etc.)  have probably existed since the founding of Rome. Philosophy of Art The definition of art has been debated for centuries among philosophers.†What is art?† is the most basic question in the philosophy of aesthetics, which really means, â€Å"how do we determine what is defined as art?† This implies two subtexts: the essential nature of art, and its social importance (or lack of it). The definition of art has generally fallen into three categories: representation, expression, and form. Art as Representation or Mimesis.  Plato  first developed the idea of art as â€Å"mimesis,† which, in Greek, means copying or imitation. For this reason, the primary meaning of art was, for centuries, defined as the representation or replication of something that is beautiful or meaningful. Until roughly the end of the eighteenth century, a work of art was valued on the basis of how faithfully it replicated its subject. This definition of good art has had a profound impact on modern and contemporary artists; as Gordon Graham writes, â€Å"It leads people to place a high value on very lifelike portraits such as those by the great masters—Michelangelo, Rubens, Velà ¡squez, and so on—and to raise questions about the value of ‘modern’ art—the cubist distortions ofPicasso, the surrealist figures of Jan Miro, the abstracts of Kandinsky  or the ‘action’ paintings of Jackson Pollock.†Ã‚  While representational art still exi sts today, it is no longer the only measure of value.Art as Expression of Emotional Content.  Expression became important during the Romantic movement with artwork expressing a definite feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was important, for the artwork was intended to evoke an emotional response. This definition holds true today, as artists look to connect with and evoke responses from their viewers.Art as Form.  Ã‚  Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most influential of the early theorists toward the end of the 18th century. He believed that art should not have a concept but should be judged only on its formal qualities because the content of a work of art is not of aesthetic interest. Formal qualities became particularly important when art became more abstract in the 20th century, and the principles of art and design (balance, rhythm, harmony, unity) were used to define and assess art. Today, all three modes of definition come into play in determining what is art, and its value, depending on the artwork being assessed. History of How Art Is Defined According to H.W Janson, author of the classic art textbook, The History of Art, â€Å"...we cannot escape viewing works of art in the context of time and circumstance, whether past or present. How indeed could it be otherwise, so long as art is still being created all around us, opening our eyes almost daily to new experiences and thus forcing us to adjust our sights?† Throughout the centuries in Western culture from the 11th century on through the end of the 17th century, the definition of art was anything done with skill as the result of knowledge and practice. This meant that artists honed their craft, learning to replicate their subjects skillfully. The epitome of this occurred during the Dutch Golden Age when artists were free to paint in all sorts of different genres and made a living off their art in the robust economic and cultural climate of 17th century Netherlands. During the Romantic period of the 18th century, as a reaction to the Enlightenment and its emphasis on science, empirical evidence, and rational thought, art began to be described as not just being something done with skill, but something that was also created in the pursuit of beauty and to express the artist’s emotions. Nature was glorified, and spirituality and free expression were celebrated. Artists, themselves, achieved a level of notoriety and were often guests of the aristocracy. The Avant-garde art movement began in the 1850s with the realism of Gustave Courbet. It was followed by other modern art movements such as cubism, futurism, and surrealism, in which the artist pushed the boundaries of ideas and creativity. These represented innovative approaches to art-making and the definition of what is art expanded to include the idea of the originality of vision. The idea of originality in art persists, leading to ever more genres and manifestations of art, such as digital art, performance art, conceptual art, environmental art, electronic art, etc. Quotes There are as many ways to define art as there are people in the universe, and each definition is influenced by the unique perspective of that person, as well as by their own personality and character. For example:   Rene Magritte Art evokes the mystery without which the world would not exist. Frank Lloyd Wright Art is a discovery and development of elementary principles of nature into beautiful forms suitable for human use. Thomas Merton Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time. Pablo Picasso The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls. Lucius Annaeus Seneca​ All art is but imitation of nature. Edgar Degas Art is not what you  see, but what you make others see. Jean Sibelius Art is the signature of civilizations. Leo Tolstoy Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one man consciously, by means of certain external signs, hands-on to others feelings he has lived through, and that others are infected by these feelings and also experience them. Conclusion Today we consider the earliest symbolic scribblings of mankind to be art.  As Chip Walter, of National Geographic, writes about these ancient paintings, â€Å"Their beauty whipsaws your sense of time. One moment you are anchored in the present, observing coolly. The next you are seeing the paintings as if all other art—all civilization—has yet to exist...creating a simple shape that stands for something else—a symbol, made by one mind, that can be shared with others—is obvious only after the fact. Even more than the cave art, these first concrete expressions of consciousness represent a leap from our animal past toward what we are today—a species awash in symbols, from the signs that guide your progress down the highway to the wedding ring on your finger and the icons on your iPhone.† Archaeologist Nicholas Conard posited that the people who created these images â€Å"possessed minds as fully modern as ours and, like us, sought in ritual and myth answers to life’s mysteries, especially in the face of an uncertain world. Who governs the migration of the herds, grows the trees, shapes the moon, turns on the stars? Why must we die, and where do we go afterward? They wanted answers but they didn’t have any science-based explanations for the world around them.† Art can be thought of as a symbol of what it means to be human, manifested in physical form for others to see and interpret. It can serve as a symbol for something that is tangible, or for a thought, an emotion, a feeling, or a concept. Through peaceful means, it can convey the full spectrum of the human experience. Perhaps that is why it is so important. Sources Graham, Gordon, Philosophy of the Arts, An Introduction to Aesthetics, Third Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group,  New York.  Janson, H. W., History of Art, Harry Abrams, Inc. New York, 1974.Walter, Chip, First artists, National Geographic. Web. January 2015.

People Watching Movies For Different Entertainment

People watch movies for different entertainment reasons. Kids love to watch movies with their families, the movie props, and animation in the movie. Teens enjoy the characters, the content, and movies that aim towards them. Adults relish emotion, re-watching movies, and movies that remind them of their childhood memories. Movie genres such as comedy, educational and horror can fall into all these aspects. Even though some movies are poor acting or seem nonsensical to one, movie genre such as comedy, educational and horror, entertain differently for kids, teens, and adults. There are many varied types of genre movies that Hollywood producers produce to engage their audience. Comedy movies make people laugh throughout the movie. History and biography tell the story of the events that may have happened in a major event or the personal life of a person. Horror and thriller movies scare people keeping one on their toes throughout the movie. Many of these genres intertwine, such as Home A lone is a comedy and family genre. I Know What You Did Last Summer is a horror, mystery, and thriller all in one. Pearl Harbor is an action, drama, and history altogether. To emphasize, different genres of movies set out to entertain not always for in one way but many. These are a few of many movie genres and different groups of people who aim to watch various genres different reasons explained. Kids entertain by different genres of movies for different reasons. One way kids entertain isShow MoreRelatedDifferent Forms Of Entertainment For Many Different Types Of People1144 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many forms of entertainment for many different types of people. The two forms of entertainment that I would like to discuss are books and movies, both of which I love. Though both of these subjects have their differences, they also have similarities. Some of which we do not even think about. 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Ramses the Great Essay Example For Students

Ramses the Great Essay Ramses the Great In the Egyptian pyramids of Giza,Ramses the Great ruled as the greatest pharaoh of all times. Ramses the Great, also known as Ramses II, or justRamses, was born in 1304 B.C., and was given the namethe Justice of Ray is Powerful. He had the knowledge ofthe kingdom, and became the focus of the court at an earlyage. Ramses and his father spent most of their timetogether, and at age ten, Ramses became heir to thethrown. He took the thrown in the year of 1292 B.C. Thepharaoh lived over all other people in the kingdom. According to historians, the Nile river was the source of lifeto the Egyptians. The Nile river provided the Egyptianpeople with water, fish, and fertile soil to grow crops on. The peasant folk in Egypt lived on a diet of wheat bread,fish, and corn. Also, the death rates there were said to bevery high. When Ramses became pharaoh, he got manyriches. For example, Ramses had as many women as hisheart desired. The women did everything for Ramses,which includes dancing for him. Ramses II was the mostpowerful king in all of ancient Egypt, and his Queens werehis greatest supporters. Ramses had many wives, but heloved one particular wife the most of all of them. Ramsesthe Great was also known for his fighting. In 1275 B.C., hewent into battle with about 2,000 men. It was about noonon a spring day, and Ramses II was encamped with hisarmy near the city of Kadesh in Syria. He and his armywere planning a surprise attack on the Hittites. WhileRamses was waiting for his army to assemble, Hittitechariots showed up out of nowhere and attacked. Frightened, the Egyptian forces fled and left Ramses theGreat to face the enemy alone. Luckily, he escaped with hislife. Later, Ramses II had scenes from the battle carved ontemple was all over Egypt. According to the carvings,Ramses prayed to Amon, the chief Egyptian god, to savehim. He said, My soldiers and charioteers have forsakenme, but I call and find that Amon is worth more to me thanmillions of foot soldiers and hundreds of thousands ofchariots. After that, the carvings show that he rallied hisforces and had victory over the Hittites. Furthermore,Ramses II raised many monuments to commemorate all ofhis victories. Despite their battle, in 1284 B.C., Ramsesand the Hittites signed a treaty that set the borders of twoempires, which ended the costly struggle between them. Many historians believe that Ramses the Great is thepharaoh that is written about in the Bible. The story thatthey think Ramses might be in, is the one where Moses toldthe pharaoh to let his people go. Other people also thinkthat when Ramses died, he became a god. Ramses spentmost of his 67-year reign reviving the empire and fightingthe Hittites of Asia Minor. Ramses was 92 years old whenhe died, and was mummified and put into a temple. Theprocess of mummification took about 70 days. Three of thefour gods are carved in the side of a large temple, and aresaid to guard Ramses. The fourth god was the god of theunderground, so he remains in eternal darknessunderground, on the inside of the temple. History

Theological Inquiry Night by Elie Wiesel Essay Example

Theological Inquiry: Night by Elie Wiesel Essay The Holocaust is without doubt the greatest human tragedy of the twentieth century. The literature surrounding Holocaust speak of the profound alienation of personality and loss of divine faith experienced by those affected. Those who survived to record these experiences are both lucky and unlucky. They are unlucky in that they had to continue to live the rest of their lives with tormenting memories and unanswered questions about human nature and God. Elie Wiesel is one such survivor, whose post-liberation life would be filled with mental anguish. In his seminal book Night, first published in Yiddish in 1955 and later appeared in English in 1960 we evidence how his faith in God as well as faith in humanity is challenged by the grave circumstances faced in German ethnic cleansing operations. The following passages will analyze how Wiesel’s faith in God and humanity is shaken to the core in the face of compelling circumstances and consequences. In a poignant passage in the poetically assembled book, Wiesel notes how, at one point during the life in the ghetto, taking care of his ailing father becomes burdensome. Already weakened by severe malnutrition and mental disorientation, his mind loses perspective and emotional connection with his father. He simply does not have the resources of empathy and solidarity to be able to care for another human. It makes him lament the forceful encampment that was the beginning of the great long ordeal: â€Å"Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never.† (Wiesel, 1960) We will write a custom essay sample on Theological Inquiry: Night by Elie Wiesel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theological Inquiry: Night by Elie Wiesel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theological Inquiry: Night by Elie Wiesel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In a tragic turn of events, his father would be beaten to death by German guards, just two weeks before American army liberated his camp. Wiesel could hear the final shrieks of pain from his father from his slot in the upper deck. But he could not venture a thought or an action to mitigate his suffering. Even sacrificing his own life for his once beloved father was beyond him. This is a key passage in Night, for it reveals how the Holocaust had stripped the humanity of the victims as well. The â€Å"loss of humanity† with respect to the Holocaust, is thus, equally witnessed in the perpetrators and the victims of the great crime. Hence, much in contradiction to preaching in the covenant, Wiesel fails to take care of fellows of his community, most notably his father. But Wiesel’s is not the universal case, for there are those exceptional individuals who could must spiritual and physical resources to offer themselves in service to other weaker members of the ghetto. T his difference in behavior is not a consequence of moral convictions or volitional choices of the ghetto inmates. Rather, they just showcase the manifest act of God through the lives of the faithful. The following passage highlights how the inmates of the ghetto encouraged each other during grave times: â€Å"There’s a long road of suffering ahead of you. But don’t lose courage. You’ve already escaped the gravest danger: selection. So now, muster your strength, and don’t lose heart. We shall all see the day of liberation. Have faith in life. Above all else, have faith. Drive out despair, and you will keep death away from yourselves. Hell is not for eternity. And now, a prayer – or rather, a piece of advice: let there be comradeship among you. We are all brothers, and we are all suffering the same fate. The same smoke floats over all our heads. Help one another. It is the only way to survive.† (Wiesel, 1960) Elie Wiesel’s was brought up in an orthodox Jewish community that gave emphasis to religious observance and faithful understanding of the scriptures. This pre-eminence to God and belief in His benign will would be challenged to the core as Wiesel and other Jews are pushed ever further into the systematized abyss. But, instead of abandoning his faith completely, Wiesel gets new illuminations into his faith. In many ways, the experiences in the ghetto were part of a process of intimate acquaintance and assimilation into the essence of Judaism. Wiesel’s faith in God and the dictates of the covenant are neither weakened nor strengthened, but rather transformed into an understanding that is closer to the truth than what he began with. This is not to say that there were no moments of doubt and confusion in his mind. For example, at one point he asks, â€Å"Blessed be God’s name? Why, but why would I bless Him? Every fiber in me rebelled. Because He caused thousands of children to burn in His mass graves? Because he kept six crematoria working day and night, including Sabbath and the Holy Days? Because in His great might, He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna, and so many other factories of death?† (Wiesel, 1960) But these doubts served as precursors to a higher truth, that he was erstwhile not privy to. Hence, Night is a book full of troubling thoughts and questions for the faithful. Just as Elie Wiesel had undergone a severe examination of his faith, the illumination at the end of this process is a great reward. As Wiesel reminds the doubtful, that for all the great turmoil of those who perished and those who survived, there is a purpose not easily accessible to rationality. The survivors also have the responsibility to perpetrate the truths they came to understand through their memories: â€Å"For the survivor who chooses to testify, it is clear: his duty is to bear witness for the dead and for the living. He has no right to deprive future generations of a past that belongs to our collective memory. To forget would be not only dangerous but offensive; to forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time.† (Wiesel, 1960) Reference: Wiesel, Elie (1960). Night. Hill Wang, 1960, (translated from the French by Stella Rodway), ISBN 0-553-27253-5.

Hemophilia in Queen Victoria’s Descendants

Hemophilia in Queen Victoria’s Descendants Three or four of the children of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert are known to have had the hemophilia gene.  A son, four grandsons, and six or seven great-grandsons and possibly a great-granddaughter were afflicted with hemophilia. Two or three daughters and four granddaughters were carriers who passed the gene to the next generation, without themselves being afflicted with the disorder. How Inheriting Hemophilia Work Hemophilia  is a chromosome disorder which is located on the sex-linked X chromosome.  The trait is recessive, which means that women, with two X chromosomes, must inherit it from both mother and father for the disorder to appear.  Men, however, have only one X chromosome, inherited from the mother, and the Y chromosome all men inherit from the father does not protect the male child from manifesting the disorder. If a mother is a carrier of the gene (one of her two X chromosomes has the abnormality) and the father is not, as seems to have been the case with Victoria and Albert, their sons have a 50/50 chance of inheriting the gene and being active hemophiliacs, and their daughters have a 50/50 chance of inheriting the gene and being a carrier, also passing it along to half of their children. The gene can also appear spontaneously as a mutation on an X chromosome, without the gene being present in the X chromosomes of either father or mother. Where Did the Hemophilia Gene Come From? Queen Victoria’s mother, Victoria, Duchess of Kent, did not pass a hemophilia gene to her older son from her first marriage, nor did her daughter from that marriage seem to have the gene to pass down to her offspring - the daughter, Feodora, had three sons and three daughters.  Queen Victoria’s father, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, did not show signs of hemophilia.  There is a small possibility that the Duchess had a lover who had survived to adulthood though afflicted with hemophilia, it would have been highly unlikely that a man with hemophilia would have survived to adulthood at that time in history.  Prince Albert showed no signs of the disease, so he’s unlikely to have been the source of the gene, and not all the daughters of Albert and Victoria seem to have inherited the gene, which would have been true if Albert had the gene. The assumption from the evidence is that the disorder was a spontaneous mutation either in her mother at the time of the queen’s conception, or, more likely, in Queen Victoria. Which of Queen Victoria’s Children Had the Hemophilia Gene? Of Victoria’s four sons, only the youngest inherited hemophilia.  Of Victoria’s five daughters, two definitely were carriers, one was not, one had no children so it is not known whether she had the gene, and one may or may not have been a carrier. Victoria, Princess Royal, German Empress and Queen of Prussia: her sons showed no signs of being afflicted, and none of her daughters’ descendants were, either, so she apparently did not inherit the gene.Edward VII: he was not a hemophiliac, so he did not inherit the gene from his mother.Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse: she definitely carried the gene and passed it to three of her children.  Her fourth child and only son, Friedrich, was afflicted and died before he was three.  Of her four daughters who lived to adulthood, Elizabeth died childless, Victoria (maternal grandmother of Prince Philip) was apparently not a carrier, and Irene and Alix had sons who were hemophiliacs.  Alix, known later as Empress Alexandra of Russia, passed the gene to her son, the Tsarevitch Alexei, and his affliction influenced the course of Russian history.Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: he was not a hemophiliac, so he did not inherit the gene from his mother.Princess Helena: she had two sons who died in infancy, which might be attributed to hemophilia, but that is not certain. Her other two sons showed no signs, and her two daughters did not have children. Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll: she had no children, so there is no way to know if she had inherited the gene.Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught: he was not a hemophiliac, so he did not inherit the gene from his mother.Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany: he was a hemophiliac who died after two years of marriage when bleeding could not be stopped after he fell. His daughter Princess Alice was a carrier, passing the gene to her eldest son who died when he bled to death after an automobile accident.  Alice’s younger son died in infancy so may or may not have been afflicted, and her daughter seems to have escaped the gene, as none of her descendants have been afflicted.  Leopold’s son, of course, did not have the disease, as sons do not inherit a father’s X chromosome.Princess Beatrice: like her sister Alice, she definitely carried the gene.  Two or three of her four children had the gene.  Her son Leopold bled to death during a knee operation at 32. Her son Ma urice was killed in action in World War I, and it’s disputed whether hemophilia was the cause. Beatrice’s daughter, Victoria Eugenia, married King Alfonso XIII of Spain, and their two sons both bled to death after car accidents, one at 31, one at 19.  Victoria Eugenia and Alfonso’s daughters have no descendants who’ve shown signs of the condition.

Introversion and Extraversion as Personalities Essay

Introversion and Extraversion as Personalities - Essay Example In our modern day, the human race is eager to know their personality traits all of which tend to explain that human beings tend to associate themselves with. For instance Sigmund Freud's idea of ego, superego, and id and also Erick Erickson stages of personality development all of which can explain personality traits in different angles. However, this paper seeks to establish if there are differences between two personality types the extroverts and the introverts. This paper, therefore, begins with the assumption that extroverts and introverts are similar. In order for me to investigate this assumption and set the record straight, I read several articles and journals concerning personality which will inform my discussion (Cain, 24) This paper will outline the origin of the two personality traits, try to look at their difference, advantages, and disadvantages, and cite relevant examples and how these two types of personality can peacefully coexist with each other. Carl Jung describes introverts who as individuals who prefer their internal world of thoughts and feelings, dreams, fantasies and so forth. Jung states that† introvert is the state or tendency of being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one’s own mental life.† Extroverts according to CarlJung are described as those who have the placed more emphasis on objectivity and surrounding influence. He claims that extroverts are more aggressive and social individuals. (Cain, 56) Carl Jung in detailing his model of human personality explains that introversion and extroversion are the ways in which humans respond to the world around them. Other adherent philosopher’s personality claims that one can have two personalities but one will outweigh the other. Carl disagrees completely he says that characters of introverts vary significantly with characters of extroverts. Hence need to find out if they are really different (Cain, 176).

Operations Management - An Integrated Approach Case Study - 4

Operations Management - An Integrated Approach - Case Study Example The bank is concentrating on a customer-based change, in a bid to exacerbate its competitive advantage. Staffing, layout, and facilities are the critical targeted aspects in the customer service pursuit (Dan Reid & Sanders, 2005). The operations management should further account for an all-around treatment of operations components. These are quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, and cost (Dan Reid & Sanders, 2005). Since the bank is concerned with the customer aspect, the cost factor does not count in the required changes. However, it is important for the management to ensure that the bank operates within budget. The bank’s strategy to enhance its competitive advantage should target quality of its financial services, the speed of service at all levels, institutional dependability and flexibility of financial services to suit the different customers served. Facility upgrades will also complement these undertakings. A strategy tailored towards cutting costs rather than promoting customer service would require operational adjustments and re-adjustments where possible. Cutting on costs means that no additional costs can be incurred, and the already observed budget should be on the verge of declining. The improvements aforementioned in question two may need to be re-evaluated. The primary concern would be to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the already functioning system in the bank. Facility upgrades may not be employed, but the quality, speed, dependability and flexibility aspects can be redesigned to become more efficient at the current or even lesser  budget.